Violence on Televison and its Effect on Children Essay...

â€Å"Bang- Bang!! You’re dead,† Charlie says to Andrew as they are watching Cops on the television. â€Å"NO! That is not fair, we didn’t get into a fight, and we have to get into a fight before we shot each other!† Andrew announced to Charlie as he starts to stand up! â€Å"Well, then steal something and I will come after you just like in the show!† According to one researcher, â€Å"Before children reach the age of 18, they spend approximately 22,000 hours watching television, and about 200,000 violent acts† (Gunter 23). Violence can come in many forms, but out of all the violence in the media, the television plays a large role in child development. There is plenty of evidence that the viewing of violent programs on television contributes to†¦show more content†¦According to Singer, â€Å"Acquiring new aggressive behavioral patterns† is one of the first indications that violent programs can influence a child to learn how t o become more aggressive (70). Second, Singer noted that â€Å"violent programs can provide indications for the most functional behaviors in a particular situation† (70). If people have the wrong motives, then they are punished, but if people have the right motives, they are rewarded. Another form is drawing attention, â€Å"Aggressive children are more inclined to watch violent programs† (Van Der Voort 46). Once children watch a violent program, children are led to be more aggressive and therefore want to keep watching aggressive shows. Finally, the change in attitude towards violence in children are as researchers say that the â€Å"attitudes of violence decreases as the child gets more and more involved in violent shows† (Gunter 48). As children get older and older, their views of violence change for the worse; they no longer see how hurting someone on purpose is wrong. Over time, children not only become even more violent but also are increasingly getting mo re attached to the violence portrayed on television. There are several ways of proving that viewing violent shows can affect aggression in young children. The first way is through direct effect. This is the result of actually doing harm to self or others, â€Å"displaying an increased amount of physical and verbalShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Effect of Television on Humans1334 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effect of Television on Humans 98% of all homes in the U.K. have at least one television in themThroughout our planet we are surrounded by media, through magazines, newspaper, internet, radio and, the most influential, television we are educated the news of the world. Just over 96 years ago the first working mechanical TV system was built, by a man name Boris Rosing, and it’s now, in the 21st century the considered the most popular form of entertainment. ItRead MoreThe Effects of Television on Young Children: A Review of Literature1314 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Television on Young Children: A Review of Literature It has become clear, in the past few decades, that the United States, and many other westernized societies around the world, are very dependent upon televisions, and the entertainment they provide. There has been an increasing trend in television viewership since the 1950s. However, it is only recently that a larger audience has noticed the various effects on television, often a result of the ways in which shows are now specificallyRead MoreEffects media has on teenagers1024 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects the Media has on Teenagers James Morrison, an entertainer, states that â€Å"whoever controls the media, controls the brain.† Within this quote, Morrison implies that the media has an effect on the human brain and can affect it tremendously. The media has effects on teenagers, both positive and negative. 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We have lost touch with reality. It reminds me of the well-known research of Stanley Miligram (1974) that conducted experiments to investigate obedience to authority. Just like us adults, children at an early age spend a lot of time around television, computers and video games (and probably internet – that is why we have parental controls for surfing) and are witness to violence, warRead MoreEffects Of Television Violence On Children Essay1722 Words   |  7 PagesEffect of Television Violence Program on Children Now more and more violence television shows appear on the screen. A lot of television shows will remind that is available for certain range of audience. Of course, elementary school student, mostly watch cartoon. However, the television production people will add violence into the show. 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From the twenties on most of the people have been visiting cinema and listen to the radiao.Since the fifties, many of the people have been watching televison programme But still not important change have been noticed in the school system. Nowadays, cassette recorder(walkman), video camera, computer, notepad and telephone(mobile phone) become ordinary and popularly.Additionally, technology are everywhereRead MoreEssay about Television Censorship1601 Words   |  7 PagesDOES TELEVISION CENSORSHIP EFFECT? CENSORSHIP AFFECTS MINORS AND ADULTS nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Does censorship affect both minors and adults? One incident in Ohio led a mother of a 5 year old boy to believe so. The boys mother attributed his actions to the influence of the popular MTV cartoon show Beavis and Butthead. In response to watching this cartoon the boy set his house on fire which killed his younger sister. In response to criticism about the shows violence and appeal to younger viewersRead MoreThe Impact Of Television On Society1614 Words   |  7 Pagesanother. In many ways, television shapes American values and also reflects these values as well. Televison also provides a broad choice of channels to watch and many of these are targeted toward specific viewers. All of this has changed the nature of television and affected national culture. Television offers a wide variety of benefits to society. Television can teach important life lessons and have an effect on the values we have or want to have. Certain TV shows have the ability to show how a person

Jazz A From The Past - 1846 Words

Jazz: A Blaspheme from the Past The most popular crash during the 1920s was not that of the stock market, but rather that of the cymbals in Duke Ellington’s band. When jazz music erupted during the 1920s, it was met with varied opinions and criticisms. It sparked a transformation in our nation that would forever alter the course of human history. Because of jazz’s popularity during this time period, the 1920s will forever be known as â€Å"The Jazz Age.† This was an age of moral rebellion, illegal activity, social and familial changes, and loud, cutting-edge music. It was said that jazz music â€Å"encouraged vice, sensuality, belligerence, and indiscipline† (Scruton 1). Additionally, jazz was described as â€Å"an influence for evil,† according to the 1921 Ladies’ Home Journal (Faulkner 16). This seemingly evil music spread across the United States like wildfire, thanks to the phonograph and the newly-popular radio, present in more than 12 million households, which allowed the central United States to join in on the changes taking place in the coastal regions (â€Å"Roaring†). According to Arnold Shaw, â€Å"the postwar world came in with a bang of bad booze, flappers with bare legs, jangled morals, and wild weekends,† (4). To some historians, jazz music catalyzed a significant transformation in American morals with changes to women’s fashion, social upheaval, and race relations. Perhaps the greatest and most momentous fashion revolution occurred during the era known as the Roaring Twenties. 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Everythings Gonna Be Alright free essay sample

The first week of high school. It’s filled with fear and anticipation. Most of us have or will experience this feeling at one time or another. But as we find out, things usually turn out okay. I was feeling pretty good as I came home off the bus that friday, my first official week of freshman year completed successfully without any mishaps. Everything was going to be okay, I had thought. The sun was still bright in the sky and I could feel its warmth on my arms as I reached for the key and unlocked the front door. I could already hear the chorus of my mother’s three small dogs, ankle biters some people like to call them, as I turned the key in the lock. I opened the door and was met by a swarm of wiggling tails, fluffy ears and wet tongues. Closing the door behind me, I set my backpack already filled with homework onto the porch floor. Sighing, I walked into the kitchen and filled one of mom’s clear plastic cups with water before walking into the well-lit living room where my mom was sitting in a lazy-boy recliner reading her daily newspaper. â€Å"Hey mom,† I said unenthusiastically. She looked up from the newspaper and smiled.I see her face already showing laugh lines and wrinkles, yet still looking like the same mom I’ve always known. â€Å"Hey honey, how was school?† she asked, setting her newspaper aside on the small side table. â€Å"Good, but I have homework.† I mumbled, spitting the word homework out %like it was taboo. Mom laughed, â€Å"I know what we should do then, lets go riding. That will cheer you up. Go get the horses saddled up, I’ll be right out.† Practically running, I tugged on my riding boots and bolted out the door, not bothering to stop for a helmet or gloves. I slowed myself down as I got out toward the barn and finally reached the pasture. I was greeted by the *sound of sixteen thundering hooves, and for those of us who are bad at math, that means four horses. I pushed open the rough wooden barn door, faded with age and weather. I grabbed two halters from the nails on the wall, one blue and one pink. I stepped back out into the afternoon light and pushed open the gate. â€Å"You guys, move out of the way, honestly.† I waved my arms to signal to the horses to back up from the gate as I tried in vain to open it successfully. I finally pushed my way through and got into the paddock. â€Å"Shasta, Apollo, come here.† I said, in hopes Magick and Dancer, would somehow understand that they weren’t being fed like they thought. I quickly slipped the pink halter onto the mare, Shasta, my mother’s somewhat short horse. She was a lovely chestnut color, with a golden mane and tail. She dipped her head down, resting it on my shoulder as I slipped the buckle into the third hole of her halter. I quickly snapped a lead rope onto the small hoop at the bottom and then walked over to Apollo. Apollo was my newest horse, a slightly taller gelding, and a stunning golden color over his entire bodylike a sunflower, with a white mane and tail. His eyes were a deep chocolate brown filled with kindness. â€Å"It’s okay boy, I’m just gonna put this halter on, and we are gonna go for a little ride.† I murmured before gently sliding it onto his nose and over his ears. I snapped another lead rope onto Apollo’s halter and led the two horses out, quickly turning around after making sure they were clear of the gate to keep the other two in. As we walked to the trailer sitting beside the barn, the other two horses nickered to their friends as if they may never see them again. I finally reached the trailer and I tied the horses to the bright red hooks, one on each end. I efficiently tied slip knots that could easily be undone in case a horse spooked or fell as I had been taught. As I walked back to the barn to grab the grooming kit, I saw my mother appear from around the corner of the house, her ankle biters trailing behind her. I walked into the barn and grabbed the grooming kit from a shelf on the dusty, cobweb infested barn wall and walked back tothe horses. When I returned, mom was already busy getting tack, which was all the saddles and bridles, and setting it out on the ground beside the horses. Quickly, she set about her routine of saddling and bridling her horse. I watched her with awe as I often did, amazed at how little effort it seemed to take her as her hands, worn with years of work and beginning to succumb to arthritis on cold days, somehow tied those small knots and put every buckle in its place. I watched as she so nimbly lifted her saddle and flung it on her horse’s back, her small, short frame greatly outsized in width by the saddle yet so easily she seemed to handle it with grace. I quickly did the same, saddling and bridling Apollo. Mom looked nervous as I unhooked him from the trailer and placed my foot in the stirrup. â€Å"Maybe I should just lead you around first, we don’t really know him that well yet,† she stated as she stroked Shasta’s face, her fingers knotting in her mane. â€Å"Okay, just untie his leadrope.† I nodded to the rope now dangling from the hook where he had been tied. She undid the rope and snapped it back onto Apollo’s halter and led us away to the west pasture, where there were no horses. As she opened the steel bar gate, and let the chain fall, Apollo spooked, jumping to the side. I grasped the horn of my saddle, and quickly pulled back on my reins. He quieted quickly and I let him stand for a few minutes to relax before I urged him forward into the pasture. Mom walked at a fast pace beside us, with the rope dangling loosely from her hands. Her dogs ran freely around us, sniffing the old piles of dung and they occasionally ran off to chase imaginary squirrels.I smelled the sweet late summer air, the smell of leather, polish, and the scent of grain and hay surronding me.As we circled the pasture for the third time, the sun was starting to wane and I was beginning to think I could go on my own soon. As one of my motherâ€⠄¢s dog sprinted past, it ran right beneath Apollo’s stomach. He spooked, his hind feet going into the air and sending me soaring from my saddle. All I could think mid-flight was â€Å"Land on your side, protect your head.† And I did just that. Unfortunately, this also led to my arm snapping. I knew as soon as I hit the ground that it was broke, the familiar sting made me cradle it close to my body as I rolled onto my back, the memories of previous broken bones flooding my mind; my right arm twice, my tail bone, and my right ankle. I could taste the dirt in my mouth. But that was momentarily forgotten as I tried to sit up to watch Apollo and my mother as she struggled to contain him, as he reared, bucked and finally she lost her grip and he galloped from the pasture and my sights. Soon my mother’s voice came into my consciousness, and she ran to my side. â€Å"Everything is gonna be okay, Emily, where does it hurt? Your arm? Can you move?† Tears started to roll down her cheeks, as I’m sure she blamed herself for what had just happened. The tears roll down her face, slipping into the wrinkles and nooks and crannies. I took a deep breath and sat up, pain shooting from my arm and right knee. I looked down at my arm for the first time and noticed it was crooked and bent like a broken crayon.My mother’s hands reach out to steady me. I was grateful then more than ever for their strength as she supported me. By this time my father had driven the van out to the pasture, as he had heard my mom yelling and saw the horse running riderless. My parents helped me stand and climb gingerly into the car. As my father buckled me in, his large, rough, calloused hands struggling with the seat belt, I suddenly remembered the horse. I watched my mother gently walk up to Apollo, running her hands gently along his neck before firmly grasping the lead rope. I watched her walk him back to the trailer and unsaddle him, take off his bridle and then lead him back into the pasture and let him go. I started to think back to what had just happened as I wait for my mother to walk back to the van. Apollo spooked when one of the dog’s ran underneath of him. My best guess is he had at one point been bitten by a dog, and he now was afraid of them. I didn’t blame him for his past experiences. But I knew now that because of what had just happened mom wasn’t going to be happy, and he wasn’t going to work for us. We almost always rode with the dogs, and if Apollo was afraid of them, he would need to find a new home. My mom climbed into the back of the van and slid the door shut, her body sagged into the seat. My dad put the van in drive and headed for the hospital. My mother looked older now with worry. I studied her in the rearview mirror on the drive into town. The lines in her face seemed more defined somehow, and her hands shook slightly as she grasped the seat belt next to her chest. No parent wants to see their child get hurt. She had always been strong for me, but as we pulled into the hospital drive through and the nurses appeared to help me to the nearest emergency room bed I saw tears welling in her eyes again. Now it was my turn to be strong for my mother. I looked at my arm again as the nurses started to move around me, probing. I winced as they reached my knee, which I would later learn was sprained, and yelped when they went to put a thermometer on my broken middle finger. I hadn’t felt the pain of my finger through the pain of my arm. As I sat waiting for the x-rays, I smiled. I may be in pain now, but I knew everything was going to alright. My arm would heal, and I would be back to riding in no time. My mom walked in and asked how I was doing, looking with worry at my swollen arm. â€Å"I’m gonna be alright, mom.† I said, smiling up at her. Her face relaxed, looking more like the mom I was used to. Her returning smile told me more than anything that I would be more than okay, I would be ready for anything.

The United States Stance with North Korea and Iran on Nuclear War

Executive Summary The United States does not have the best options for dealing with the North Korean and Iranian nuclear energy disputes. Inducements, pressures, and intimidations have not been successful.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The United States Stance with North Korea and Iran on Nuclear War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A military intervention would provisionally stop the plans to launch a nuclear energy, but human organizations and diplomatic requirements would prevent this strategy. Moreover, military strike would bring about a high risk of reconstitution and would hasten the conflict. For some decision makers in the American government, the superlative alternative is to isolate these governments until they disintegrate or pressures build on them to an extent where they might be forced to engage in consultations based on the US stipulations. This alternative has the veneer of stiffness, which is enough to make it politically justifiable in the American government. Upon a careful analysis, the strategy in reality permits North Korea and Iran to carry on with their nuclear programs uncontrolled. It also neglects more attainable short-term objectives of improving intelligibility and securing susceptible nuclear equipments. The policy seeks to attain tentative long-term ambition of denuclearization. These short-term objectives are believed to be significant to the US national security in the 2010 Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) and Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR). North Korea and Iran are extremely different nations that share in any case one vital relationship, which is related to decades of separation from Washington. The US has developed various policies aiming at segregating the two from the global society.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They ar e also compared in terms of their role, which is related to undermining the peace and security of the regions they occupy. The countries do not have respect for fundamental freedoms and support policies that are hostile to the United States, its associates, and partners. Introduction The nuclear dispute with North Korea and Iran are amongst the most obstinate national security problems that the US policy makers are faced with in the current international system. Democratic and Republican regimes have generated diverse strategies toward every state at different periods. These policies vary from joint and polygonal discourse with inducements or pressures to sanctions, segregation, and even the threat of military intervention. None of these strategies has prevented the nuclear development of either country. Iran has moved on with its uranium fortification plan and abridged collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The breakdown in North Korea is even more sensit ive because Pyongyang pulled out of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 2003, carried out nuclear experiments in 2006 and 2009, and currently requesting for recognition as a â€Å"Nuclear Weapons State.† One question that cannot be avoided is that why did agreements reached with North Korea and Iran to congeal or limit their nuclear plans disintegrate1. One wonders what could be the projections for current ambassadorial efforts. Evaluating the two cases discloses general prototypes that offer the signs of deteriorating negotiations. North Korea and Iran were forced to negotiate based on their insight of chance and susceptibility.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The United States Stance with North Korea and Iran on Nuclear War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their views were motivated by the instantaneous strategy context they faced, which includes the political, financial, and defense situation existing at home, in their regions, and in the international system2. When accords reached could not convene their objectives, their views on chance and susceptibility, and in turn, their policy, changed. Discussions in both cases were prolonged and Iran and North Korea changed policy in reaction to the development in the policy context over time. Particularly, their justifications for possessing a nuclear potential extended to include discouraging governmental change, improving negotiation advantage, and attaining political trustworthiness with the United States. This proposal suggests a study that would be of great importance in understanding the American policy makers behavior as regards to the threats posed by Iran and North Korea since the two countries have always posed serious security challenges to other actors in the international system. The paper proposes a methodology that would be used to conduct an extensive research on the views of some of the American polic y makers regarding the actions to be taken to stop the influence of Iran and North Korea. The techniques will be discussed in summary, as well as the data collection methods. Before moving to give a viable methodology, the paper will review the existing body of knowledge under the literature review section to understand the actions that have already been taken by both Democrats and Republicans. In the fifth chapter, the proposal will give a data analysis technique, which would be ideal for analyzing data generated through quantitative study. The proposal gives the summary of the finding at the end.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research Question How will the United States respond to North Korea and Iran’s threats of nuclear war? Purpose Statement The United States has an intricate plan for addressing issues related to Iranian and North Korean nuclear programs. The plan is not restricted to the nuclear challenges that the two states pose. This implies that the United States has always perceived the two states as the major threat to its national interests because of their capability to disrupt peace. The United States has come up with various programs aiming at stopping the two countries from interfering with its national interests, especially its national security. The main question is how the United States will act to prevent the two aggressors in the international system from tempering with the lives of its citizens. The main question is whether the United States will act unilaterally or it would consult other actors (Multilateral action). The main purpose of the paper is to evaluate the options av ailable to the United States policy makers. The US has various options, but some factors would be considered before arriving at the most excellent option. The paper looks at some of the factors that must be considered before coming up with the best option to address the challenge posed by North Korea and Iran Significance The study is of great importance because it discusses some of the consequences that the state will have to deal with when it decides to intervene military. The paper gives a number of options, as well as their effects to the people of the United States and the international system. The study conducts a literature review to determine some of the options that have been employed before, implying that policy makers can rely on the document to come up with the most viable policy as regards to addressing the thorny issue of nuclear weapons. Literature Review Existing body of knowledge offers various alternatives to the American policy makers as regards to nuclear weapons threats that Iran and North Korea pose. There are gabs in the literature because some scholars and analysts observe that the United States should act unilaterally meaning that it should act as a world police in mitigating the nuclear problems while some observe that consultations would be the only viable approach. The existing literature proves that the spread of democracy is the only way in resolving the nuclear problem, even though the approaches differ. In one of the articles titled ‘the spread of nuclear weapons,’ Sagan and Waltz posed a major question regarding world security and peace. They ask the question, â€Å"What will the spread of nuclear weapons do to the world.† Waltz’s standpoint is that the spread of nuclear power would be productive to the world economy and the development of the world3. For developing countries such as Iran and North Korea, their acquisition of nuclear power is productive since it would go a long way to uplift the livin g standards of the poor. His believe is that the deterrence policy and the rational actor model would be utilized effectively to prevent the occurrence of war owing to the possession of nuclear weapons. He even goes a notch higher to claim that the presence of nuclear weapons would make states more cautious because they are mutually assured of destruction. With the acquisition of nuclear weapons, states would definitely drop their ambitions of producing conventional weapons. Moreover, states would cut military spending, as soon as they acquire nuclear energy, which is beneficial to the world security. Waltz advises that states should not stop arming themselves simply because the US instructs them not to acquire relevant weapons. The role of the US in this case is to enter into peaceful agreements with a state wishing to acquire nuclear energy, but not impeding the plans of the state. This is because the United States cannot offer protection to all states in the world hence the acqui sition of nuclear energy should not be an issue of debate. To Waltz, the presence of nuclear weapons in the international system would reduce war and conflicts because it successfully reduced tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. Sagan differs significantly with the views of Waltz because the deterrence notion and the rational actor model require the existence of some conditions, which are absent in the current international system. One of the major arguments of Sagan is that weak states such as Iran and North Korea do not have sufficient policies and mechanisms through which nuclear energy could be safeguarded. This means that nuclear energy could easily land into the hands of criminals and terrorists, which is extremely dangerous. The case could be different in case Iran and North Korea were democratic states. For the ideas of Waltz to be accepted, democracy must be restored in the two countries since an egalitarian society would not support the activities of des troyers of life and property. Weak states such as Iran and North Korea have no ability to implement policies that would prevent nuclear accidents and the spread of nuclear weapons4. Nuclear energy should only be acquired by states governed by strong civilian governments, unlike North Korea and Iran, which are run either by dictators or by military regimes. States would not be cautious, as was the case in the Cold War because the international system is different. A report released in 2006 by the National Strategy for Combating Terrorism suggested that the United States had achieved a lot in terms of preserving its national interests, but more had to be done since terrorists had diversified their techniques and channels5. This means that the US has to come up with additional strategies to ensure that the heinous acts of terrorists are curtailed. The report concluded that the state had achieved its interest of kicking out terrorists in Afghanistan and Iraq, but much had to be done to ensure that the activities of other extremist organizations funded by states such as Iran and North Korea are stopped. This means that Iran and North Korea pose a serious challenge to the international community because of the possession of nuclear power. The nuclear weapons could be used to destabilize the world economy and security, especially when it gets into the hands of terrorists. Iran and North Korea are suspected to support terrorism meaning that they can easily liaise with extremist organizations to cause havoc in the world. In this regard, the report gives some of the strategies that would help the state in fighting terrorism, including the ambitions of North Korea and Iran. It should be understood that the fight of terrorism is the advancement of freedom and human dignity because the main aim of terrorists is to destroy human life and property. The report rules out any possibility of poverty being the main cause of terrorism since Iran and North Korea have always claimed that the acquisition of nuclear power would help them elevate the levels of economic development. To deal with the threats posed by North Korea and Iran, the leadership of these two countries ought to be interrogated meaning that the US should come up with policies such as denying the government officials entry to the US and other allies. This would force them to comply since travelling sanctions would force them to comply with the internationally set standards. Another strategy entails preventing the attacks that would be launched by terrorists. This implies that the US government must come into terms with the reality that terrorism does not target only developed countries, but instead it could be committed in other countries that support the US6. In this regard, the US government should offer technical and military support to other countries around the world to help them curb the issue of nuclear threat. For instance, India and Pakistan have acquired nuclear technologies, which i s one of the strategies to counter the influence of North Korean and Iran in the region. The report also suggests that the US should ensure that the materials used in the manufacture of nuclear power should not reach the hands of criminals, including Iran and North Korea. To put this strategy into effect, the US government should determine the intentions, capabilities, and plans of Iran and North Korea as regards to the acquisition of nuclear power. The power could be used to manufacture weapons of mass destruction, which is extremely dangerous to the world security. The sale of materials should be supervised closely. A study conducted by Blum concluded that terrorists had shifted focus in terms of the targets and the techniques employed7. However, he noted that the use of weapons of mass destruction is not within the reach of terrorists because the unavailability of materials and qualified personnel to design the weapons. His study concluded that terrorists were increasingly shifti ng focus to the Middle East because of the perception that some states in the region are sympathizers of the west. Moreover, terrorists have adopted a new approach of unleashing terror because they no longer kidnap, but instead they carry out suicide bombing. The study proved that terrorists have never resorted to the use of weapons of mass destruction. Just as the report released by the National Strategy for Combating Terrorism, Blum’s study proved that terrorism had reformed mainly because of the emergence of extremist organizations. In this regard, Blum suggests that the US should simply focus on promoting peace and democracy in the two countries, which would definitely end the acts of terrorism. This would demand for a multilateral action implying that other actors must be involved in the plan. In fact, Blum suggests that non-actors should be involved in ending the looming nuclear crisis, which is the main worry in regards to the utilization of the weapons of mass destruc tion. A report released by the national security strategy in 2010 gave extensive plans on how the US would deal with actors in the international system considered a security threat8. The plans proposed are mainly concerned with strengthening the instruments of the American government because disunity in government has always snatched the executive an opportunity to deal with Iran and North Korea as regards to the nuclear threats. In this regard, American leaders must understand what actually constitutes national security and work in harmony to realize these plans. To succeed in fighting North Korea and Iran, the approaches employed ought to be sustainable and achievable. It is noted that the US has been able to develop due to the establishment of strong institutions and technological advancement. However, the government has been unable to act on the threats posed by other actors internationally because of the internal wrangles among government the branches of government. In particul ar, there are some unfinished reform agendas, which are hindering the capability of the government to deal with external challenges, such as the challenge of possession of nuclear power, which is a threat to world peace. In this regard, the three arms of government should be able to work in harmony to pass the important legislations that would give the executive the power to act swiftly. Terrorism and the threats of nuclear power are some of the problems that do not demand too much consultation because they are considered urgent. However, the US government does not have the power to act unilaterally since it must consult other non-state actors, including consideration of public opinion, which is time consuming. The national strategy for homeland security report released in 2007 suggested that the government had to develop the technology sector if it were to contain the influence of world aggressors such as Iran and North Korea. The field of research should be developed because it su pports the strategies that the government designs in keeping off the threats posed by enemies. Enemark is of the view that the topic on weapons of mass destruction should stop because the weapons have never existed in the international system9. He notes that even though Iran and North Korea are accused of possessing nuclear power, they have not been in a position to develop weapons of mass destruction. His major concern is with the use of language because its use may confuse policy makers when making effective policies meant to curb the threats posed by Iran and North Korea10. The scholar suggests that policy makers should focus on formulating policies aimed at stopping Iran and North Korea from proceeding with their nuclear plan, but they should not incorporate the term weapons of mass destruction in their plans. Methodology This chapter focuses on various aspects of research development. It includes methods of data collection, its analysis and presentation procedures. Every resear ch project applies a certain research method to achieve its objectives depending on its goals. The methods used to conduct research in this project compared closely with the methods proposed in the project proposal. This was so because the project proposal had been proven to be workable. In research, design deals primarily with aims, uses, purposes, intentions, and plans within the practical constraints of time, location, money, and availability of staff Research Design The chapter brings back the research hypotheses. This is important because it is at this stage that the researcher goes into the field to gather information. It is therefore necessary that the research hypothesis is brought to focus because it would be the guiding light in the process of gathering data. The researcher would be trying to confirm the hypotheses. In order to eliminate criticism, this chapter clearly states the scope of the study. There are limits beyond which this research may not hold because of the me thod used in data collection and analysis11. It is therefore important that limitations are clearly stated to make it clear to readers of this material how far this research reveals what it purports to. Therefore, data sources are expected to be more reliable. However, the rationale to use such data is that data sources are available at lower cost or free of costs while data collection process using questionnaire is time consuming and expensive. As the researcher of this dissertation would follow both qualitative and quantitative research approach, it is essential to collect significant part of secondary data. Therefore, this paper mainly focuses on published data and computerized database to formulate the paper. However, secondary data has a number of positive factors. For instance, it is easy to collect, and less expensive. In order to formulate the paper, the researcher would use Computerized Database and Published Secondary Data including general business sources. However, the f ollowing chart gives an idea about the secondary data sources, as shown below. The dissertation would mainly focus on the internet databases because this is an easy and less expensive system of data collection. Theoretical Framework Data Collection Data in this article will mainly be obtained from the various sources that are already published, as shown in the above diagram. It should be noted that the sources to be utilized are peer reviewed journal articles and books. The researcher will restrict himself to the public articles and books in order to make the whole process valid and reliable. In any study, the researcher should ensure that validity and reliability is achieved. In this study, keeping off from biases and unneccessary criticism would be one of the techniques employed to ensure the study is credible12. From the chart in the theoretical framework section, both government and other publications will be relied upon in analyzing the behavior of leaders as regards to polic y formulation. Analysis and Findings From the literature review, the researcher gathered considerable amount of information about this field. Many of the reports that exist in this field are very resourceful as individuals of high integrity did them. The manner in which they were done also passes as good enough to be used in various aspects of research. However, this is a different research. It must be in a position to develop its own arguments based on data collected from primary sources. This does not rule out the importance of secondary sources of data. To ensure originality in any research, there is need to use primary data. The purpose of collecting data was to help facilitate analysis that would lead to giving answers that are desired in this research. The objective of this research was to respond to some of the questions that other scholars had not responded to through the existing literature. To be in a position to respond to these questions, there will be need to collect da ta. After successful collection of data, analysis would be very important. When taken from the field, data is considered raw and therefore cannot be of much help to the target audience. For this reason, it is important to analyze data to produce the desired result that would be useful to various individuals. Role of literature review in data collection requirements Literature review plays a vital role in data collection process. As noted above, research has been going on for some time now. Every field of study has some relevant previous bodies of literature that other researchers had conducted before. This information is very important to a researcher. In the process of gathering data, the first source that any researcher should not assume is the secondary sources of information. It is important to note that the studies were done after careful collection and analysis of relevant data. When taking literature review as part of the sources of data, it is important to note that they are secondary sources. Unlike the data that would be collected from the fields which is raw, literature provides data that is already processed. Literature review plays an important role in determining how data collection would be done. Because the bodies of literature provide information that is already synthesized, and with clear steps that were taken to reach the results, the researcher may consider taking an approach used by one of the researchers that may lead to generation of required answers. Alternatively, the researcher may consider integrating a number of methods employed by different previous researchers to come up with his or her own technique that incorporates all the desirable concepts used by the available literature. A good research project should not purport to be basing its arguments from the scratch. It is important that a researcher engage closely with the works of previous researchers from an early stage of data collection. With this, the researcher would be inform ing the consumers of this document that there was an effort from the earliest stage of the dissertation that closely compares the works of other researchers, and how they relate to the current research. This would not only enhance the validity of the report, but also demonstrate that the research seeks to develop the works of previous researches. The findings from the review of literature reveal that the US should act to prevent North Korea and Iran from establishing their nuclear power programs. The United States needs to come up with comprehensive strategies to compel Iran and North Korea to negotiate on its own terms. However, this would not be an easy task since Iran and North Korea are determined to realize their dream regarding nuclear power programs. If the US allows the two countries to actualize their nuclear plans, the world security would be at risk since the energy could be used to develop weapons of mass destruction, which are extremely dangerous to the very survival. H owever, some scholars observe that the issue of nuclear energy should not be tied to weapons of mass destruction since they are not related at all. Terrorists have never employed weapons of mass destruction mainly because of the technicalities involved in the designing the weapons. Literature reveals that the US should focus on seeking multilateral support because nuclear energy is a matter of death and life meaning that each actor should be involved in designing the policies aimed at stopping its development. In this regard, the role of the United Nations is critical since it could invoke its powers, including slapping economic and political sanctions on the two states, which would force them to stop the program13. In this case, the US should lobby other powerful states, mainly the five permanent members of the Security Council, to force the UN to slap economic sanctions14. The influence of the UN has been tremendous, especially its use of a no-fly-zone rule, which forces states to negotiate. From the review of the existing body of knowledge and evaluation of various government reports, at least three viable policies can be applied successfully in dealing with the Iranian and North Korean nuclear weapons threat. One of the policies is containment. This policy was applied successful to check the influence of the Soviet Union during the Cold war. In early 1990s, the US was able to contain the influence of Iraq in the Middle East region through the application of the policy. The policy does not demand the involvement of the international community since it is just upon the US government to isolate the two states. The United States has applied the policy variously whenever its national interest was under threat15. Truman advocated for the application of the containment policy meaning that the United States confronted its adversaries in all corners. In this regard, the United States should come up with policies aiming at reducing the influence of Iran and North Ko rea in regions they are perceived to be strong. The second policy is the use of diplomacy and economic sanctions, even though they have been applied unsuccessfully previously. Iran and North Korea are signatories to the world agency in charge of nuclear energy control and management (International Atomic Energy Agency). In this regard, they should be forced to abide by the provisions of the agency. The agency should be supported to conduct frequent inspection in the two countries and the leadership of the two countries should be urged not to interfere with the operations of the agency. Through diplomacy, Iran should be reminded that it sits on massive deposits of oil, which can sustain the country’s energy for years hence there is no need of developing nuclear energy. In case the two policies fail, the US could as well deploy the military in the two countries to restore democracy and install civilian governments. Democratic regimes would be willing to take part in diplomatic negotiations rather than generate unnecessary conflicts. Summary and Conclusion The United States has a role to play to its people as far as preservation of peace and maintenance of security is concerned. American foreign policy makers have engaged in negotiations aimed at resolving the issue, but the efforts have bore no fruits because of techniques applied were defective. The US came up with a policy that would entice Iran and North Korea to drop their nuclear plans, but the plans were unsustainable. Therefore, policy makers should come up with a long-term program, which is realistic and all-inclusive meaning all stakeholders in the world security should be involved. It should be understood that unilateral decisions are usually aimed at resolving the short-term problems, but they do not address the long-terms issues. Therefore, the US should advocate for a policy that would resolve the issue finally. This entails the involvement of the UN and other powers in the plans. The policie s made towards the relations with the two countries should not be isolationist in nature because it would simply worsen the issue16. This article has tried to come up with some of the best decisions that would resolve the issue at hand. The paper would conduct an extensive research to establish the views of American foreign policy makers before recommending the best policy option. The paper has always conducted a literature to determine the views of previous scholars and policy makers. The findings suggest that the US government cannot handle the issue without involving other actors, including the American populace, the United Nations, and other units in the international system. The existing body of knowledge shows that no single policy that can be applied in resolving the existing nuclear energy crisis between the United States and the two world aggressors. It is also eminent that the two aggressors are determined to move on with their nuclear programs despite the objections from various units in the international system. The United States has a role to play given the fact that it is the world’s superpower. Three options are available to the superpower, but the main problem is choosing the best option that would preserve the status of the superpower and at the same time fulfill the interests of the American people17. Studies show that the Iranian and North Korean citizens are tired of the tyrannical and militaristic governments. They are willing to cooperate with the international community to end injustices and the conditions of the 19th century, which include lack of food, lack of representation in government, inequality, oppression, and brutality. Irrespective of the policy that the United States employs, the life that people face in Iran and North Korea should be uplifted. All possible means should be employed in uplifting the living standards of the Middle East citizens. In the region, the human rights are never respected at all. Bibliography Blu m, Andrew. Non-state Actors, Terrorism, and Weapons of Mass Destruction. International Studies Review 7.1 (2005): 133-170. Creswell, John. Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, Sage, 2009. Department of Defense. National Security Strategy. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2010. Department of Defense. National Strategy for Combating Terrorism. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2006. Department of Defense. National Strategy for countering Biological Threats, 2009. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2009. Department of Defense. National Strategy for Homeland Defense and Civil Support. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2007. Enemark, Christian. â€Å"Farewell to WMD: The Language and Science of Mass Destruction.† Contemporary Security Policy 32.2 (2011):382-400. Hakim, Catherine. Research Design: Successful Designs for Social and Economic Research. London: Routledge, 2000. Harvey, David. The New Imperialis m. New York: Oxford UP, 2003. Jafarzadeh, Alireza. The Iran Threat. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. National Science and Technology Council. A National Strategy for CBRNE Standards. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2011. Safire, William. â€Å"On Language; Weapons of Mass Destruction.† New York Times Magazine, April 19, 1998, 22. Sagan, Scott, and Kenneth Waltz. The Spread of Nuclear Weapons. New York: W.W. Norton, 2003. Sagan, Scott. â€Å"How to Keep the Bomb from Iran.† Foreign Affairs 85.5 (2006): 45-59 Sciolino, Elaine. Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran. New York: Simon Schuster, 2000. United States Government Accountability Office. Steps Have Been Taken to Improve U.S. Northern Command’s Coordination with States and the National Guard Bureau, but Gaps Remain. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2008. Footnotes 1 United States Government Accountability Office. Steps Have Been Taken to Improve U.S. Northern Command’s Coordinati on with States and the National Guard Bureau, but Gaps Remain. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2008. 2Elaine Sciolino, Persian Mirrors: The Elusive Face of Iran (New York: Simon Schuster, 2000), 12. 3Scott Sagan and Kenneth Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons (New York: W.W.Norton, 2003), 45. 4Scott Sagan, â€Å"How to Keep the Bomb From Iran,† Foreign Affairs 85.5 (2006): 45 5 Department of Defense. National Strategy for Combating Terrorism, 2006. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2006. 6 Department of Defense. National Strategy for Homeland Defense and Civil Support. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2007. 7 Andrew, Blum, Non-state Actors, Terrorism, and Weapons of Mass Destruction. International Studies Review 7.1 (2005): 145. 8Department of Defense. National Security Strategy, 2010. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2010. 9 Christian Enemark, â€Å"Farewell to WMD: The Language and Science of Mass Destruction.† Contemporary Security Poli cy 32.2 (2011):382-400. 10William Safire, â€Å"On Language; Weapons of Mass Destruction.† New York Times Magazine, April 19, 1998, 22. 11John Creswell, Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (Thousand Oaks, Sage, 2009), 23. 12Catherine, Hakim and Research Design: Successful Designs for Social and Economic Research (London: Routledge, 2000). 13 Department of Defense. National Strategy for countering Biological Threats, 2009. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2009. 14 National Science and Technology Council. A National Strategy for CBRNE Standards. Washington: Government Printing Office, 2011. 15 Seymour Hersh, â€Å"The Redirection,† The New Yorker 83.2 (2007): 54. 16David Harvey, The New Imperialism (New York: Oxford UP, 2003), 18. 17Alireza Jafarzadeh, The Iran Threat (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 87. This research paper on The United States Stance with North Korea and Iran on Nuclear War was written and submitted by user Aryana P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Consolidated Products Essays - , Term Papers

Abstract This case analysis is about Ben Samuels and Phil Jones who are two managers from Consolidated Products Plant Company with different type of managerial behaviors. Both Ben and Phil in some extent used participative or inspirational leadership and the influence used on employee?s attitudes and performance. Ben and Phil displayed specific relation-driven behaviors, and specific task-oriented behavior. This case analysis will also include personal recommendations on how to achieve employee satisfaction, business high performance, and leadership effectiveness will be addressed in the hypothetical case as a new manager of the Consolidated Products plant. Consolidated Products - Case Analysis The Consolidated Products case is a medium-sized manufacturer of consumer products with ununionized production workers. Yulk (2009). Ben Samuels and Phil Jones worked at the Consolidated Products plant case with different type of managerial behaviors. Ben was well liked by the employees and believed that by treating them properly would generate a sense of loyalty to the business. Also, Ben always tried to accommodate and help his employees, and avoid any layoffs by relocating the staff to other work related positions. Ben knew most of the workers by name, always visited the employees, asked about their families and maintained dynamic interpersonal relationships with subordinates. In addition, taken into account that Ben showed a great deal of supportive leadership, believed that by treating employees correctly, the job performance would be better without requiring close supervision. Ben is the perfect example of a person-oriented, concern for people, and relations-oriented manage r. Employees were satisfied, by Ben?s behavior and there were fewer turnovers among the company?s five plants. However, Ben lacked of task-oriented managerial behavior by letting supervisors to run the departments alone without close monitoring. Standard Operational Procedures (SOP) and the development of a proper planning in order to improve productivity and product quality was never used under Ben?s supervision. As argued by Yulk (2009) monitoring refers to the gathering of information about the supervisor?s work unit, measure progress of the tasks, conduct periodic review meetings, observe operations directly, among other guidelines for monitoring operations. There were no indications that Ben displayed or showed a participative leadership behavior since there was no group supervision, nor did Ben show that he asked for the participation from subordinates in making decision. The supervisors worked alone and made important decisions that led to a second worst record for costs and production levels in the plant since there were no delegation from Ben?s part. As a consequence, when the company was bought in by another firm Ben was asked to retire. On the other hand, Phil was the opposite from Ben. Phil was recognized as an executive that could get the job done. Phil put in place a short-term planning, clarifying roles and objectives, and monitoring of operations and performance immediately. For instance, Phil asked his supervisors to established high performance standards, and insisted that all employees achieve them. This action was a clear indication that Phil was directly into communicating the plans, policies, and role expectations to his subordinates. Phil exhibited the classic task-oriented managerial behavior. Phil emphasized that under the previous manager?s administration, there were not procedures in place, and thus a great deal of doubt or role conflicts existed. In order to remedy this issue, Phil checked closely his subordinates? performance. At the same time this action helped recognize achievements, identify performance deficiencies, and asses training needs. In order to review department performance Phil he ld weekly meetings and requested the supervisors to consult first before taking any action that could have damage the plans and policies in the plant. Phil?s actions positively impacted the plant?s production levels, where costs were reduced by 20 percent and production output was increased to 10 percent. Phil believed that training supervisors to be supportive was a waste of time. In addition, Phil showed rude and inconsiderate attitude towards employees and subordinates, by reprimanding the person right on the spot to set an example. Moreover, instead of implementing coaching and mentoring as a developing component, Phil would rather fire any employee that had had a substandard performance without hesitating. In addition, Phil did not helped employees learn how to solve work related problems, or provided opportunities to learn from experience, and

How ethics may have played a role in Enrons way of doing business

How ethics may have played a role in Enrons way of doing business Introduction Out of a merger between Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth, Enron was formed in 1985 based in the United States. As an energy trading and communications company, at the start, the company was involved in construction, development and operation of power plants, pipelines globally.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on How ethics may have played a role in Enrons way of doing business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Further, it was participating in the transmission, distribution of electricity and gas throughout the state and. Afterwards, Enron enlarged their wealth through marketing and promotion of commodities which included; power and communications bandwidth and related risk management derivatives as tradable securities. Enron energy trading and Communications Company that was based in Houston, TX was well re-known for its accounting strategies a factor that allowed it to be listed as the seventh larges t company in America (Molly, 2001). The company had a work force of about 21,000 employees grouping them among the largest employers in the country. In the same year, it was ranked number seven by the fortune magazine among first five hundred companies in the United States. The energy company had made inventions in communications, power and weather securities and due to this it was expected to dominate the trading in these areas. However, in the year 2000, the company had claimed a revenue base of about with $101 billion but due of their trade activities. Despite all that, the company still ended up the biggest failure in the corporate history (Molly, 2001) Despite the fame and wealth Enron had accumulated, the company stood on the verge of bankruptcy by mid November 2001 (Bryce, 2002). This had arisen from numerous scandals and collective failure between the company and its auditing firm which brought about by accounting irregularities that surrounded fraud. Poor decisions, mismana gement and individualistic type of management by Enron’s top were also major contributors in the collapse of the corporation. At the same time, the value of investors equity per share in 2001 fell from $85 to 30 cents a fact that plunged the company into a disastrous loss. Discovery of the company’s source of profit which happened to be from deals with limited partners which it controlled was one of the factors that resulted to the company’s loss of value. This loss and other similar financial conflicts, was not reported in any of the company’s financial report (Niskanen, 2005). More to that, the company had also devised a method to elude taxes and maintain anonymity by opening offshore accounts that allowed them easy currency flow. By the end of the year 2001, the firms European operations filed for bankruptcy and sought protection in the US Southern District of New York under chapter 11 (Hodak, 2007).Advertising Looking for assessment on busines s economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the year 2000 during the companies’ financial peak point, public investors were encouraged to buy stocks in the company since the prices were at their highest with a promise of further appreciation in their value in the subsequent year. However the executive in the company knew of the looming loss that was to be experienced in the near future and instead of advising the public, they were in a hurry to sell out all of their stocks (Hodak, 2007). To the demise of the investors, the stocks plummeted causing a great loss across the board of approximately $102. Later in the subsequent years, Enron was forced to sell out its assets since it had incurred a large financial loss. The sale was to be done since the company had to liquidate its assets and raise funds to aid in settling the creditors and investors who had not anticipated the collapse. However, Enron reopened again u nder a new name Enron Creditors Corporation after settling with most of its creditors except Citigroup (Hodak, 2007). Impact on stakeholders Enron Company was composed of share holders that included both the private and corporate class. Since the company had a good reputation of its wealth and a large revenue base, the rate at which people invested was overwhelming. Reports by Chris Penttila, (2002), indicated that the Enron’s mission statement dictated the four key values that the company prided itself in. These key values were: excellence, communication, integrity and respect. The purpose of this was to instill in the public the confidence that everything that happened in the company was fair and open a notion that was welcomed by the managers working for the company. However, collapse of the company was partly allowed by the stakeholders since they were afraid of questioning the companies’ business activities and conflicts that they were always involved in. for exam ple many of the stakeholders knew of the financial conflict of interest that existed between Arthur Anderson, Vinson, Elkins and the Enron’s board of directors. The collapse of the company was met with a lot of negative reactions. The public was hit with a rude shock and immediately people stated pointing fingers to the systems that allowed the disaster to happen. According to (Bryce, 2002) the collapse affected all stakeholders from the big investors to the least employee in the company.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on How ethics may have played a role in Enrons way of doing business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some of the social impacts included loss of lively hoods by small employees who worked in the company to billions by the investors, deaths, life savings and even imprisonment. In a meeting with the Congress former Enron employees witnessed that they had not only lost their jobs but also thei r retirement savings. Moreover, the threat of loss of employment was not only felt by Enron employees but even those at Andersen’s U.S. operations (Dugan and Spurgeon, 2002; Bryan-Low, 2002) Loss of business by the partners and affiliates of the company was another major impact of the collapse. An example of this was Andersen which after indictment started to experience a mass exodus of its clients. This had a great effect on the revenue of the company and the public confidence. Andersen then went further to loose the favor on settlement with the judiciary a move that was seen as suicidal if adopted by the other states, since it might preempt them to revote the companies license. According to Wynn (2009), other trading partners that were affected by Enron’s losses were ING Barings, Deutsche bank, Duke Power and American power who also suffered immense losses. Other social impacts that were felt by the stakeholders involved deaths that were not anticipated for. Such an example is; Kenneth Lay who was an Enron’s CEO but died of heart attack in July 2006. The causes of the Enron’s CEO death were attributed to stress brought about by public unrest and legal pressures in the cases filled against him in the state (Palepu Healy, 2003). Outcome and Fairness of Punishment Following the collapse of Enron Company, the public did not seem contented by the outcome that affected their livelihoods directly. Therefore, some of the stakeholders sought to authorities that would attend to their grievances. Forums and meetings were held across the state by governors and other government officials to try to address the issue. Some of the grievances were resolved but some still remained for legal action (Wynn, 2009). The outcomes of the collapse ranged form imprisonment to even indictments, revoking of license and even settlement bans from the different states of operations For example Jeffery Skilling was imprisoned to serve a 24 year sentence in a low security prison in Minnesota. Another executive Andrew Fastow was also jailed to serve a six-year sentence in a federal prison in Louisiana due to corruption allegations in the company and also for giving the public conflicting information for purpose of personal gain.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other auditing and legal consultants e.g. Arthur Anderson and Vinson Elkins also were indicted and underwent trial in Houston for their involvement in obstruction of justice by concealing information and giving of false information to the public. This in turn greatly affected their business since they had to lay off workers and could not regain their client confidence (DeFond, Raghunandan and Subramanyam, 2002). The justice state justice in Houston also went further to revoke their settlement right in the state. The public confidence in the market was also compromised since many investors started to question the integrity of other companies’ financial records. This weighed hard on the whole economy and also on other uninvolved companies. Losses; these were the most felt social effects after the collapse of the energy company in the late 2001. Big investors like the J.P. Morgan Chase and Citigroup experienced large loses on bad loans that had subsided with the company (Palepu Healy, 2003). These mutual friends were said to have lost a value of about $70 billion in market value. Formulation of policies; after the collapse of Enron Energy Company, the government revived a debate on company regulation after the discovery of the magnitude such a companies collapse can cause to the economy. The national stock exchange market became more watchful and strict introducing new policies to ensure the trade market remains safe for the public. The NASDAQ for instance introduced a regulation that for a company to trade in it the stock option plans must be endorsed by the stockholders. While on the NYSE, it is a must that most of all equity based compensation plans be endorsed by shareholders. They also dictated that in both the trading company must have independent directors (Palepu Healy, 2003). Ethics in the way Enron conducted business Enron was a large multimillion energy company that had its missions and visions set to become the biggest and the best energy co mpany in the United States. Due to their defined focus, they had decided to set their work values basing on the companies ethics book. These values were supposed to guide the people working in the company to ensure transparency and efficiency in achieving the company’s goals. These company values were respect, communication and excellence (Code of Ethics, 2000, 4). On the other hand, Enron’s ethics infrastructure consisted of four main pillars which included; a 65 pages long code of ethics booklet, a certificate of compliance to be signed by all employees, different channels for attaining answers to ethical questions, and finally a possible violations reporting system. Despite the high standards that had been set by the company, it was evident that the management was least concerned with fulfilling them while conducting business. They had no serious regard for the ethics. In 1999, the company’s code of ethics was suspended twice by the Enron’s Board of Di rectors to allow the formulation of two SPEs. These SPEs were to be controlled by Andrew Fastow, who was to benefit personally from the outcome (Goh and Ederington, 1993). To the companies’ board of directors, business had just become a point of making money despite the consequences that were to be faced. A good example is seen when two traders Lois Borget and Thom Mastroeni were allowed by the 1997 Enron’s CEO Kenneth Lay to conduct questionable oil trading operations in 1997 despite his knowledge of the illegalities and financial risks incident that were involved (Niskanen, 2005). The company through their management believed that doing business and channeling in money was the only thing that mattered the other considerations’ came after. Many businesses in the company therefore, were done through unscrupulous deals that were later covered by the business partners involved form the watchful eye of the public. example is when Andersen connived with the Enron en ergy company to inflate the figures of the company while Enron was a financially ailing entity (Niskanen, 2005). This was done to boost the public confidence and increase their investments in Enron. Another instance was when Andersen destroyed all the evidences of the financial transactions of the company when the company was under investigation. Enron being a large company had a lot of influence in its surrounding. Therefore it had no one to criticize the way Enron conducted their business. The company therefore decided to use its power and political influence to achieve its wealth and maintain its dominance. Professional ethics were not adhered to in this company and they did not govern any business that they conducted. An example is when the management knew of future losses in the company and barred the other small stakeholders to dispose off their stocks while they disposed theirs. This was done with a personal interest and it left the other stakeholders in loss when the company value plummeted (Hamburger and Brown, 2002) Conclusion The collapse of Enron can be attributed to the companies practice, poor management strategies and a favorable environment for corrupt employees. The companies’ business plans, executive management and untrustworthy partners are other causes that contributed to the collapse. The state justice however was fair in their punishment and took a good step to protect the public from such kind of companies. The stock market should also be keen despite the stringent laws put in place to ensure that in-genuine entities are kept on watch. References Bryce Robert. (2002). Pipe Dreams: Greed, Ego, and the Death of Enron,) Enron starts dumping PR firms, ODwyers PR Daily. DeFond, L., Subramanyam K.R., and Raghunandan K. (2002). Do non-audit service fees impair auditor independence?California. University of Southern California. Dugan, I.J., Spurgeon D. (2002). Partners in peril. The Wall Street Journal. Enron. (2000). Code of Ethics. Go h, J.C., Ederington L.H. (1993). Is a bond rating downgrade bad news, good news or no news for stockholders? Journal of Finance 48:2001-2009 Hamburger, T., Brown K. (2002). Andersen knew of Enron woes a year ago. The Wall Street Journal. Hodak Marc. (2007). The Enron Scandal, Organizational Behavior Research Center Papers (SSRN), June 4 Molly Ivins. (2001). Enron-gate: Where are the investigations of Bushs liaison with the bankrupt company? working for change, December 12, Niskanen, W. A. (2005). After Enron: Lessons for Public Policy. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Palepu, K. G., Healy M. (2003). The Fall of Enron. Journal of Economic Perspectives. Wynn, G. (2009). Essentials of Corporate Responsibility. USA. University of Tampa.

Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Letter - Essay Example There is no doubt that Facebook has become an outlet for self-aggrandizement represented in such a way that mundane things become magnified and disseminated in mere seconds. There are even times when the venue could jeopardize connections, relationships and even jobs. But this need for information, regardless of necessity is the very reason Facebook survives and will continue to do so for some time. As the author so aptly puts it, â€Å"If someone is offering you a carrot you did not pay for, chances are that there is a stick somewhere.† I think many people feel the same way towards Facebook as a social networking site. Those who abhor it and never attempts to join and those who have joined but decided to uphold their privacy later on or just out of boredom. But the fact still remains that it has given people something to talk about, online or on other medium such as magazine articles. It has diversified life as we know it. Relationships, as pointed out, have become virtual in nature and the interesting idiosyncrasies of human communication have drastically changed. But this is not to say absolutely that everything Facebook has offered is negative. As they say, different strokes for different folks.

Effective Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Effective Management - Essay Example The party- the core principal which may be the local city may decide to give contracts to the contractors to do the work in accordance to the stipulated guidelines. The contracts may invoke agency problems since the contractors may fail to deliver what their principle requires. For example schools with the help of school boards may decide to contract unqualified teachers on behave of the teachers unions because of the low price that the teacher has offered. Often, the contractors will do will always do their tasks to save costs at the expense of quality of the work that they have been contracted to do. They may also fail to finish the work or do the work at their interests. Normaly, recognision of the incentives is pivotal in the effectiveness of the management. The incentives that are given to the contractors should be increased so as to act as a motivation to the contractors. This will enable them to do the work without the desire to minimize costs thus compromising the quality of the work. In class most students rated others with high and perfect score, this was an agency problem since many revealed conflict of interest as per the requirements. I think the incentive should be changed and that the perfect score should only be given when there zero

Eating disorder and dental implications Annotated Bibliography

Eating disorder and dental implications - Annotated Bibliography Example Female students aged 15–18 years were the subpopulation included in the research with a total of 1,203 participants. The general outcome of the research indicated that severe risk behavior for EDs was appreciably related to TE, but not with DC. A total of 1,203 female adolescents aged 15-18 in Belo Horizonte Brazil (with a population of 2.5 million inhabitants), participated in obtaining the results of this research. Organized statistical analysis and the large sample size signify that the research was of high quality. Random selection of the participants made the research reliable. Additionally, performing a pilot test also enhanced the reliability and validity of the study. The article is intended for people in the medical field, as well as adolescents with a risk of dental disorders due to bad eating behaviors. The special features in this article are three tables that describe the characteristics and distribution of the population as well as the results. The sources were o bjective because all the researchers involved have respectful testimonials. Limiting the participant’s gender in this research may have an effect of the general results, suggesting the weakness of this study. This study strength is its ability to obtain additional findings through observation hence the information can be generalized to the entire

Aspects for a post-Brexit Trade Deal

Aspects for a post-Brexit Trade Deal What are the most important aspects of a post-Brexit trade deal with the EU, from a UK perspective? Brexit, the abbreviation of the two words Britain and Exit, is the result of the June 23rd referendum in 2016 which decided the fate of Britain and its position to leave the Economic and political union – the European union. The unexpected result led to the sudden turmoil and uncertainty of the future of Britain and let to the resignation of the then current Prime Minister David Cameron, and the subsequent ‘fall in the value of the Pound to its lowest level in 30 Years’ (Connington, 2018).   In this essay, I will help ascertain and breakdown the impacts that ‘Brexit’ will have for Britain, mainly focusing on trade and how this will affect not only consumers and businesses, but the economy as a whole. From there, alternative trade models will be analysed to help decide a viable future that has Britain’s best interests at heart, before coming to a conclusion. The EU and Trade Theory Trade is the action of how economic partners interact with each other while exchanging commodities. (Economies of Trade 1970-1979).   The European union is based on the proposition of ‘Free Trade’ an argument proposed by David Ricardo a 19th century Economist who first developed the thought of comparative advantage whereby each country produces what it specialises regardless of its absolute advantage, thus as a result world output is increased, and each country benefits the most it can out of the situation. Free trade encourages economies of scale and reduces the formation of oligopolies due to market liberalisation and the ability to sell to a wider market outside of their domestic space. Current EU implications The process to leave the EU, is a long and arduous one, taking many years and possibly even as long as a decade before the process is complete, during that time the UK can still take advantage of its benefits until new terms and conditions are met. The EU, taken as a whole is the UK’s largest trading partner. In 2016, UK exports to the EU were  £236 billion (43% of all UK exports). UK imports from the EU were  £318 billion (54% of all UK imports) (Ward and Webb, 2018). Evidently this is hugely significant as the UK relies on its trading strengths with the EU to be able to generate and sustain its economy. The EU has over 500 million people living in it, and accounts for 23% of the global GDP. Over a decade (1993-2003) the free market agreement has expanded the EU’s GDP by over  £588 billion, this equates to  £3,819 extra income per household (Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk, 2018). The Free movement of people act, has created the emergence of a flexible economy. Labour shortages, for example the manual jobs in Ireland and UK have been met due to the migration of eastern European workers. Migration has aided countries to reach productive capacity preventing wastage of raw materials, these migrants are often young people who are less of a drain on the health service and can contribute to the tax revenue of the host country. EU migrants cost the UK government  £408.12 per second in public expenditures and contribute  £463.35 per second in revenue (Dustmann and Frattini, 2014) – this figure is set to rise as more and more educated migrant workers choose to work in the UK, a prospect now able to happen with the help of the Erasmus programme., where students can complete studies abroad and be able to utilise previous qualifications in the UK where they will be recognised universally (Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk, 2018).   The possibility to study abroad is considered positive by 84% of EU citizens Furthermore, inward investment grew by almost 8x in just over a decade reaching  £106.5 billion – the UK now being the 5th largest source of inward investment and its attractiveness from Japanese firms largely being created by its involvement in the single market. However, there is an opportunity cost in the UK’s involvement in the EU, and subsequent drawbacks. Firstly, the UK contributed in 2017 a net contribution to the EU of an estimated  £8.9 billion (Keep, 2018). This in simplest terms means the direct monetary value the EU receives from the UK is less than we receive – this immediately presents a large opportunity cost that could be better spent elsewhere.   This leads onto the fact that in order to generate such a large sum of money, the government will have to raise it from most likely consumer and corporate taxes, as of today spending per head is currently at  £126 per capita (BBC News, 2018). Inefficient policies are another criticism EU membership faces.   Around 40% of the total EU Budget is spent on the common agricultural policy (EPR Service, 2018), which ensures farmers continue to produce and survive through both volatile weather and market conditions – this is mostly done via annual direct payments., the setting of minimum product prices, the buying of any over-supply and the setting of import tariffs. This has caused farmers to produce far more than is necessary, with prices remaining at a set minimum and eventually the EU having to purchase the oversupply, this has led to an increasing budget with it now totalling  £200.2bn, the period 2014-2020 with the UK receiving  £20bn over the course of the seven-year period (Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society, 2018). Consumers, especially on lower incomes are faced with now having to purchase farm goods at set minimum prices, even if there is over supply – causing income inequality. The annual cost of the burden EU regulations has brought to the UK now stands at an estimated  £7.4bn per annum. Red tape regulations have severely taken away the sovereignty of individual decision making from host countries., even more so by the introduction of Qualified Majority Voting, a process by which decisions can be made often against the public interest of a particular country, for example, in EU decision making, Luxembourg has one vote for every 200,000 inhabitants whist for Germany to get the same number of votes, 8 million people are needed (Euro-know.org, 2018). The current alternatives The Government have a tough decision to make in the process of leaving the EU, it is paramount that the UK still benefits from many of the EU’s current offerings to stay competitive. There are two options, adopt existing trade relationship models or create a bespoke model. The first option, is the Swiss model, whereby bilateral agreements have been negotiated between the EU and Switzerland. This entitles the country to be a part of the single market for goods, but not services. Switzerland also has to negotiate extremely frequently with the EU, regarding matters such as the 2014 immigration quota, to ensure Switzerland’s rules are in line with the EU’s from enforcement via the European court of justice. London accounts for 51% of the financial service income for the UK economy (Tyler, 2018), so entering into an agreement with the EU that does not allow for it to be part of the single market for services is extremely     unlikely as it would damage the economy of the capital far too greatly. The joining of the customs union, much like Turkey has done, comes with the same drawbacks as the Swiss arrangement. Not only would the UK not have any access to the service markets, but it would not have any in the setting of the tariffs it is bound to., furthermore any arrangements the EU forms with other parts of the world would remain inaccessible. A perhaps more likely situation, however not without its problems is a Free Trade Agreement. A free trade agreement is simply an improved version of the World Trade Organisations rules i.e. lower tariffs. However free trade agreements such as the Canada template offer very little access to the service market, and do not set our regulatory procurement guidelines for the country to follow. If the UK was to somehow create a more developed agreement, EU member nations would insist on ensuring the UK’s adoption of European rules. Furthermore, ‘The recently leaked UK government analysis concludes that, under such a deal, UK gross domestic product might be 5 percentage points lower than it would otherwise be, after 15 years — a loss of about a fifth of the potential increase in output by that time’ (Tyler, 2018). Trade under the WTO rules would mean that the UK would be subject to the common external tariff. and UK firms would lose their comparative advantage. Domestic firms such as the construction, aerospace and retail would find costs would rise dramatically causing cost push inflation for the consumers. Even though that accounts for only 20% of the UK’s GDP, it is still a dramatic effect. The WTO has also made very little progress in the deconstruction of the EU’s service industry, so again free market access for the UK would be hindered. Bespoke Models The â€Å"cake and eat it† model was first proposed by Boris Johnson and Theresa May. Its focus was on a deal that â€Å"allowed preferential access to the EU market, but with clear compromises over issues like immigration and the role of European Courts† (Ft.com, 2018). This model would allow the UK to benefit from both goods and services free trade, be able to help cut the detrimental ‘red tape’ bureaucracy that is costing the UK economy almost  £8 billion a year and banish membership payments to the EU. Its success however was short lived, Brussels chief negotiator Michel Barnier told a conference in the Belgian capital that the â€Å"EU wants to offer its â€Å"most ambitious free trade agreement† to the UK but warned that there was no question of Britain â€Å"cherry picking† elements of the single market which it wanted to keep† (Porritt, 2018). The Florence Model refers to the speech that Theresa may’s speech and proposed options given in September 2017. The model outlines that the UK will ensure that payments into the EU budget up until 2020 will still be paid as well as honouring any commitments in that time. EU citizens living in the UK and vice versa, will have their rights protected and the European Court of Justice will still have considerable weighting. Canada plus model follows the same ideas as the ‘Comprehensive economic and Trade Agreement’ i.e. the Canada model, however it has been altered and expanded to cater for the UK’s needs. The removal of goods tariffs, access to the single market is granted, but at the same time control of immigration rules and not having to contribute to the EU’s budget. Theresa may hailed this model quoting â€Å" This agreement should allow for the freest possible trade in goods and services between Britain and the EU’s member states. It should give British companies the maximum freedom to trade with and operate within European markets† (Martin, 2018). The final bespoke approach is a â€Å"strongly mitigated no deal†. This is whereby no deal is reached, and both parties cannot come to a ‘compromise’, instead the UK would no longer have access to the single market and trade under WTO rules. Oxford economics have recently published that his would be a detrimental outcome, and the â€Å"UK stood to lose an estimated  £75bn in trade directly from exports and another  £50m from supply chain impacts by 2020† (Supply Management, 2018). The government is looking for every possibility to not adopt this model, however with the looming 29th of march 2019 getting closer, with the EU rejecting appeals to extend it, it may be an option that the UK is forced to take. Conclusion The UK is in a difficult position, with the UK economy almost completely founded on the service sector currently, it is vital that a deal can be met that allows for access into the single market in terms of services. Secondly, with the UK being a consumer nation, with very little manufacturing, the retail and food industry relies upon the current EU agreement to maintain competitive price and supply levels. Without this, the consumer would be faced with ever increasing expenditure on goods, as the UK is forced to pay tariffs. Whilst current immigrants living in the UK will have their rights protected future immigrants and their ability to work and live in the UK is uncertain. This could impact skills transfer into the UK economy and lead to future labour shortages. Foreign direct investment is another big issue, with many foreign firms locating to London in order to benefit from access to the single market, if this was taken away, attractiveness of future and current firms in London will be diminished potentially leading to relocation. Swiss Banking Giant UBS has recently stated that â€Å"As many as 15% of EU companies with operations in Britain plan to move all of their UK staff out of the country after Brexit† (Martin, 2018) The two-scenario’s looking most likely (Switzerland/Canada) are not the best situation for either the UK or the EU, on the on hand, moving towards a Switzerland type approach creates a loss of democratic control, whilst taking a Canada route, would mean restriction of market access, therefore a balance between sovereignty and EU laws needs to be met to be in the best interests of the UK. Word Count: 2192 Reference List (Connington, 2018) Connington, J. (2018). From $5 to $1.22: the 200-year journey of the pound against the dollar. [online] The Telegraph. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/special-reports/from-5-to-122-the-200-year-journey-of-the-pound-against-the-doll/ [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018]. Ward, M. and Webb, D. (2018). Statistics on UK-EU trade. [online] Researchbriefings.parliament.uk. Available at: https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7851 [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018]. Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. (2018). European Union Membership The Benefits DTI. [online] Available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dti.gov.uk/europeandtrade/europe/benefits-eu-membership/page22676.html [Accessed 4 Apr. 2018]. Dustmann, C. and Frattini, T. (2014). The Fiscal Effects of Immigration to the UK. The Economic Journal, 124(580), pp.F593-F643. Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. (2018). The Benefits and Achievements of EU Single Market   | Policies | BIS. [online] Available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.bis.gov.uk/policies/europe/benefits-of-eu-embership [Accessed 4 Apr. 2018]. Economics of Trade. (n.d.)  The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. (1970-1979). Retrieved April 7 2018 from  http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Economics+of+Trade Keep, M. (2018). The UKs contribution to the EU budget. [online] Researchbriefings.parliament.uk. Available at: https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7886 [Accessed 8 Apr. 2018]. BBC News. (2018). How much does the EU Budget cost the UK?. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-35943216 [Accessed 11 Apr. 2018]. Service, M. (2018). How the EU budget is spent: Common Agricultural Policy. [online] European Parliamentary Research Service Blog. Available at: How the EU budget is spent: Common Agricultural  Policy [Accessed 11 Apr. 2018]. Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society. (2018). Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). [online] Available at: Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) [Accessed 12 Apr. 2018]. Euro-know.org. (2018). A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union Q. [online] Available at: http://www.euro-know.org/europages/dictionary/q.html [Accessed 14 Apr. 2018]. Tyler, G. (2018). The financial sectors contribution to the UK economy. [online] Researchbriefings.parliament.uk. Available at: http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN06193 [Accessed 14 Apr. 2018]. Ft.com. (2018). Britain’s road to becoming the EU’s Canada. [online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/e72bf154-1566-11e8-9376-4a6390addb44 [Accessed 17 Apr. 2018]. Porritt, R. (2018). Have our cake and eat it? ‘No’ says Barnier. [online] The New European. Available at: http://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/top-stories/have-our-cake-and-eat-it-no-says-barnier-1-5288165 [Accessed 17 Apr. 2018]. Martin, W. (2018). MORGAN STANLEY: Britain is heading for a Canada-plus Brexit deal. Business Insider. Available at: http://uk.businessinsider.com/morgan-stanley-on-brexit-uk-canada-plus-2017-1 [Accessed 18 Apr. 2018]. Supply Management. (2018). Hard Brexit could cost EU economy  £100bn. [online] Available at: https://www.cips.org/supply-management/news/2018/january/hard-brexit-could-cost-eu-economy-99bn-by-2020/ [Accessed 21 Apr. 2018]. Martin, W. (2018). UBS SURVEY: 15% of eurozone companies plan to move everyone out of the UK after Brexit. [online] Business Insider. Available at: http://uk.businessinsider.com/ubs-survey-eu-companies-move-all-staff-out-of-uk-brexit-2017-9 [Accessed 21 Apr. 2018].